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FAQs
The HSG moderator has made the procedure for answering
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) manageable for Dr. Mills
while he continues to develop his company's technology.
The HSG will focus on the data which Dr. Mills is
posting to his company web site. It will be available
to everyone, and there should be a much more level playing
field in terms of participation. This part will be
analyzed real-time on the HSG e-mail list.
Regarding the theory, the focus will be on the 2000 edition
of Dr. Mills' book The Grand Unified Theory of Classical
Quantum Mechanics so everyone is "working off of
the same page". There are significant changes,
and a new book probably will not be out for another year.
The moderator will do what he can to explain these changes
to those who have an older edition of the book.
The HSG list members may submit theory questions which meet
the rules for assessment to the HSG Moderator. The screened
questions will be forwarded to Dr. Mills or Dr. John Farrell,
his associate. After they are answered and returned
(estimated week to month time frame), the HSG will review
the answers on the list, and the moderator will post the
questions with the responses to this page. If a previously
addressed question is submitted in the future, the HSG moderator
will refer the questioner to this page.
Under this procedure, substantive work can be accomplished.
This gives time to do the work of solving the equations,
researching the literature, and gives the necessary time
to make the responses professional and substantive.
It will eliminate the "litter" that a "real
time" format produces. This page will only need
to be updated weekly, and participants can check the site
weekly to note the updates. After the initial lag,
new material should be appearing steadily.
Frequently Asked
Questions
Version 1.2 - August 2, 2000
Disclaimers and legal stuff:
- The author of this FAQ is neither employed by nor associated
with BlackLight Power Inc.
- At points in this FAQ the language used may sound like
we are advocating the orbitsphere hypothesis as a matter
of fact. We do this only to avoid having to qualify
every statement we make with words like "according
to CQM" and "theoretically". That
would not read very well. This "choice of voice"
should not be misconstrued as a blind, unqualified endorsement
of CQM.
- No warranty is made with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained herein.
- This FAQ is a work in progress and will be updated as
time allows.
- You may quote from this FAQ for non-profit purposes
as long as appropriate credits are maintained.
Original author and maintainer: Steven Florek (c) 2000
All rights reserved
Contributors: Luke Setzer, Robert Virkus
Got some feedback? Email
us.
Version History
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v1.0 July 1, 2000
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v1.1 July 20, 2000
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v1.2 August 2, 2000
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v1.3 August 14, 2000
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Web Resources
| + |
BlackLight
Power Inc. - Dr. Mills' company's web site. Contains
experimental, theoretical, and business papers.
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| + |
Hydrino
Study Group (HSG) - an email list dedicated to discussing
this theory. This is the FAQ of the list.
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| + |
John
Baez - Physics Site - the web site of one of the
moderators of the sci.physics.research Usenet group.
An excellent reference.
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Introduction
Theory Basics
Hydrinos
Mathematics
Nuclear Physics
How do you explain...
Cosmology
Gravity and Space-time
Due Diligence
Miscellaneous
Introduction
- Who
is Dr. Randell L. Mills?
- He's a Harvard-trained medical doctor with
a "Theory of Everything". Mills is the
founder and president of BlackLight Power Inc., his research
and development (R&D) company. He is either
one of the most remarkable crackpots of the twentieth
century or has made a scientific discovery that is "bigger
than fire", depending upon whom you believe.
Mills has an undergraduate degree in chemistry from Franklin
& Marshall College in Pennsylvania, was the first
and only person to graduate from Harvard Medical School
in three years, and did graduate electrical engineering
work at MIT. His theoretical work began at MIT in
1986 after reading a paper by one of his instructors on
electron laser behavior and Mills has been developing
the theory ever since.
back to top
- What the heck
is so interesting about this CQM theory Mills has developed?
- Classical quantum mechanics (CQM) is a theory
developed by Dr. Randell L. Mills of BlackLight
Power with contributions from Dr. John Farrell of
Franklin & Marshall College. Both men come from
chemistry backgrounds. The theory is unique and
of significance because it represents perhaps the first
theory of quantum mechanics which provides a workable
deterministic model for what Richard Feynman described
as "the central mystery of quantum physics":
the paradox of wave-particle duality.
In CQM, particles are not infinitesimal points nor probability
waves surrounding infinitesimal point particles.
They are spinning 2D electric and magnetic flux surfaces
("orbitspheres") that deform into various geometries
under different conditions. This insight into the
resolution of wave-particle duality leads to practically
obvious explanations of mysterious, counter-intuitive
quantum particle behaviors--explanations for which were
previously the sole domain of quantum theory and its offspring.
Ultimately, Mills develops a Grand Unified Theory (GUT)
that unifies all of the forces. In CQM, physics
at all scales, from the macro to the micro, follows the
same laws and mathematics. Like any theory that
purports to dramatically overturn other, more well-established
physical theories, CQM needs to be subjected to rigorous
theoretical, experimental and mathematical exploration.
As Carl Sagan said, "Extraordinary claims require
extraordinary proof."
back to top
- What
is BlackLight Power?
- BlackLight Power (BLP) is a company engaged
in basic research and applications for hydrinos and other
aspects of Mills' CQM theory. They are currently
developing breakthrough power generation devices and novel
chemicals and hope to license them to industry.
If you check out their board of directors and executive
management, you will find people with respectable backgrounds
in science and industry, many of whom were formerly involved
in performing due diligence on BLP for their prior companies.
- What
is GUT-CQM?
- This is an acronym for The Grand Unified
Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics, the title of
Mills' book that articulates his theory. It is over
1000 pages long, and has been published in progressively
longer and longer revised editions since a modest paper
called "A New Atomic Theory" was first published
in the early 1990's. The most current edition is
Jan 1999; a 2000 edition is due out in the summer of 2000.
In order to understand it fully, readers of the book will
need an education in Fourier integrals, optics, elementary
mechanics and electrodynamics, and at least undergraduate
level quantum mechanics. Readers will definitely
find it useful to have textbooks in these subjects available
to them while tackling this work. The GUT-CQM is
not a textbook, but is more of a collection of cross-referenced
papers which outline the theory and experimental results.
The book itself is badly in need of an editor. Parts
of it contain extracts from patent applications, overlapping
papers, and voluminous experimental reports. It
is terse at points, the derivations are sometimes difficult
to follow and make broad leaps, and it is in need of some
better illustrations. Mills has acknowledged that
he is looking for a graduate student to help him edit
future editions.
If one is willing to overlook these weaknesses and spend
a bit more than the usual effort in trying to understand
how the book "hangs together", a rich theory
emerges which demonstrates a remarkably broad range of
predictive power derived from first principles, from quark
energies to the power function of the universe.
back to top
- What
else has Mills done?
- In addition to his physics work, Mills has
patents on inventions in artificial intelligence and medical
technology.
His artificial intelligence invention is a model for a
general analog computer, capable of performing basic operations
on information of any type. Strings of Fourier series
are used to encode information using an algorithm analogous
to neural network resonance but generalized. He
also proposes it as a mathematical model for the operations
of the brain. This invention is really a work in
progress.
Luminide is a carrier molecule designed to ferry drug
molecules through cell membranes, which effectively
increases the potency of the drugs. Once inside
a cell, Luminide is subjected to an increased concentration
of free radicals (monatomic oxygen). This causes
one part of the Luminide molecule to emit photons, which
are channeled into the rest of the Luminide molecule
to break bonds. The Luminide is then separated
from the drug molecule, which is free to do its business
at full potency inside the cell.
Mossbauer Isotopic Resonant Absorption of Gamma Emission
(MIRAGE) is a technique where an iron-containing molecule
that binds chemically with DNA is introduced into the
body. Once attached to a strand of DNA, the body
is externally illuminated with a small burst of gamma
rays. This stimulates the Mossbauer phenomenon;
in this case, the iron nucleus resonantly absorbs the
gamma rays and actually expands in diameter. This
eventually causes an Auger cascade where free electrons
are released and these collide with the DNA, destroying
parts of it and ultimately leaving the iron molecule
attached to the DNA. Cells cannot repair such
a large amount of damage, and an individual cell is
killed. If MIRAGE can be targeted towards particular
cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells,
it will provide an incredibly powerful treatment option.
Magnetic susceptibility imaging (MSI) is a technique
where the positions of different materials (such as
bone or blood vessel) in the body can be identified
by directly measuring differences in their magnetic
field gradients. An image can be generated by
analyzing the inputs of many magnetic field detectors
arrayed around the patient in a computer. Such
a device is able to distinguish between a wider variety
of tissue materials and provide a more detailed image
than imaging methods such as X-rays or magnetic resonance
imaging ( MRI).
BlackLight Power is currently engineering a power conversion
device best described as a reverse microwave (or more
accurately, a reverse gyrotron) that efficiently converts
radiation directly to electricity. Details have
not been forthcoming from BLP.
back to top
Theory Basics
- What
is an orbitsphere?
- A simple orbitsphere is a spherical, rotating
charge-density of zero thickness, which makes it an essentially
two-dimensional object. Electrons, nuclei, quarks
and photons can all be modeled as orbitspheres.
This contrasts with modern quantum mechanics where electrons,
quarks and photons are considered to be infinitesimal
point particles surrounded by probability waves.
Orbitspheres generally have multiple angular momentum
vectors and are made up of an infinite series of lines
of electric and magnetic flux. Their angular motion
is such that every point on the surface moves at the same
velocity (in contrast to a globe spinning in one dimension).
Orbitspheres are a specific case of a flat two-dimensional
classical electromagnetic flux, forced to wrap around
a central force (such as a nucleus) in a minimum energy
configuration. Free electrons, for example, assume
a two- dimensional disk-like form when liberated from
their atoms.
Orbitspheres are a general case of spheroidal quantum
orbitals that can be elliptical, oblate, prolate, etc.,
as in the case of electron orbitals. These are
also referred to as orbitspheres even though they aren't
spherical (don't get hung up on the "sphere"
part). They too represent minimum energy configurations
where complex interacting forces are at play, as in
multi-electron atoms.
By modeling fundamental particles as extended, two-
dimensional flux surfaces, instead of point charges
as in the traditional approach, many of the conceptual
difficulties of quantum theory, such as the physical
interpretation of electron spin, can be overcome--or
at least that's the idea.
back to top
- What
is an electron orbitsphere?
- In the case of the electron orbitsphere, the
surface consists of perpendicular electric and magnetic
field lines. These lines rotate in three perpendicular
axes such that all points on the surface of the orbitsphere
move at the same angular velocity. The atom is held
in force balance between the centrifugal force due to
the angular momentum of the electron orbitsphere and the
charge attraction between the negatively charged electron
and the positively charged nucleus.
It is important to note that the electron's charge
density and mass are not distributed uniformly throughout
the surface of the orbitsphere. The electron's
mass is more concentrated in some regions of the orbitsphere,
and less concentrated in others. This asymmetry
leads to explanations of interesting things like the
electron's magnetic moment.
back to top
- What
is a photon orbitsphere?
- There are several different kinds of photon
orbitspheres, corresponding to the well-known linear,
right-handed, left-handed, circular, and elliptical orbitspheres
and their permutations. Right- and left-handed photons
are shaped a bit like fat barrels (if you can picture
that) with flat tops. Rotations of this orbitsphere
and its motion through space-time correspond to the classical
wave model of the photon. All of the other properties
of the photon are as expected.
back to top
- What
is a nuclear orbitsphere?
- A quark is an orbitsphere with a fractional
charge of +/- 1/3 or +/- 2/3.
A gluon is a massive photon orbitsphere.
Each quark is paired with a gluon in a charge density
representing an l=1 spherical harmonic. Visually,
this looks like a fat dumbbell. Free quarks and
free gluons are radiative under the non-radiative boundary
condition (described elsewhere) and are therefore not
observed. A nucleon is made up of three quark/gluon
orbitspheres. Each quark/gluon is aligned along
a different axis of Cartesian space, with all of the "dumbbells"
joined at the middle.
One might note that this is analogous to electron orbitals.
Indeed, one might expect that heavier nuclei have increasingly
complex orbital structures just as electron shells do.
However, this is currently outside the scope of CQM theory.
Mills' nuclear theory is less well-developed than his
electron theory.
- What
about other types of particles?
- Neutrinos, muons, and so forth are all modeled
as orbitspheres. Neutrinos are a special type of
photon with an unusual spin which causes it to interact
weakly with matter. All of the quarks, leptons,
bosons, and hadrons of the Standard Model are accounted
for--CQM even explains why there are three generations
of these particles.
back to top
- What
is the origin of quantization in CQM?
- Only those charge-density (or equivalently,
mass-density) functions which meet the boundary condition:
The spacetime Fourier transform of the current density
function must not contain Fourier components synchronous
with waves traveling at the speed of light.
are non-radiative and therefore stable.
This is discussed in detail elsewhere. In the
context of the atom, it means that the electron wave
function cannot be changing phase with time as it moves
around the circumference of the atom or it will start
radiating photons. This puts restrictions on the
possible values of both the allowable frequencies (and
therefore the energies) and the allowable radii.
In general, quantization arises in the form of spherically
harmonic solutions to the orbitsphere wave equations,
which result in stability. Such solutions must
simultaneously satisfy a number of boundary conditions;
quantization arises from this requirement.
back to top
- Which
principles of current physics theory does CQM accept and
which principles does it reject?
- We
will list them here for reference without explanation,
as explanation is given throughout this FAQ.
Still valid:
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Conservation of mass-energy
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Conservation of linear and angular momentum
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Maxwell's equations
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Newton's laws
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Special Relativity
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General Relativity (from a different derivation
than Einstein's)
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Quantum behavior of particles
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de Broglie relations
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Planck's equation
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Rejected:
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Schrödinger's equation
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Born interpretation of the Schrödinger's equation
as a probability density
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Standard Model
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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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Entanglement and correlation
back to top
|
- How can you
decouple the parts of QM you don't like, such as the Uncertainty
Principle, from the parts you do like, such as Planck's
Equation? Quantum theory is a single coherent framework
that cannot just be served a la carte.
- CQM deconstructs existing quantum theory to
some extent. The statistical interpretation of the
wave function and its corollaries are rejected, and a
deterministic quantum theory is developed which provides
exact "closed form" solutions to the properties
of the atom using basic mechanics and electromagnetism.
Quantum theory has adopted an extreme positivist philosophy,
specifically that to speculate about the "true
nature" of the atom is pointless. All we
can know about the atom are the statistical results
from our experiments, therefore the statistical laws
that QM has identified really are the alpha and omega
of reality.
CQM decouples quantum theory from quantum behavior
and provides an alternative theoretical framework in
which to predict the results of experiments.
back to top
- Can
you explain this business about the non-radiation of moving
charge-density functions without spacetime Fourier components
synchronous with waves traveling at the speed of light?
- This is the seminal idea from which CQM sprang.
The meaning of this principle is unfortunately not very
clear on the surface of it.
Maxwell's equations unify electromagnetism and light.
One of the implications is that accelerated charges
emit radiation. An MIT professor named H. A. Haus
(who was one of Mills' instructors at MIT) wrote a paper
in 1986 where he generalized this result. Accelerated
charges do not radiate merely because they are accelerated,
but because accelerated charges tend to have spacetime
Fourier transforms with components that are proportional
to frequency/c.
One of the questions Mills and Farrell asked themselves
at the beginning was, how do superconductors work?
Current theory does not have a good explanation for
the new generation of high-temperature ceramic superconductors.
Using the non-radiative boundary condition leads to
an explanation of the loss-free transmission of electric
charge in all types of superconductors. The solution
of the general superconductor problem (namely, charge
acceleration without radiation) led to the treatment
of the atom as a kind of superconductor.
One other interesting result is that Cherenkov radiation,
which occurs when a charge moving at a constant (not
necessarily accelerated) velocity emits light when the
charge travels through a medium at a speed greater than
the speed of light through that same medium, is easily
explained in terms of Maxwell's equations under this
derivation.
back to top
- The
electron orbitsphere-nucleus system is in a very delicate
force balance between charge attraction and centrifugal
force. Furthermore, Earlshaw's Theorem states that
stable configurations of fixed magnets are not possible.
When the atom is subjected to some external perturbing
force that would tend to knock the electron orbitsphere
off-balance, how does the orbitsphere maintain mechanical
stability rather than crash into the nucleus due to an
imbalance in charge attraction?
- <ANSWER IN PROGRESS>
back to top
- Everyone
knows that when you try to apply Maxwell's equations to
the atom, the electrons, because they are moving charges
being accelerated into an orbiting path around the nucleus,
should radiate photons until they crash into the nucleus.
How can you be bringing back classical electrodynamics?
- This is where the Haus derivation comes in.
It turns out that not all accelerated frames radiate.
Conversely, not all un-accelerated frames are non-radiative,
which is evident, for example, in Cherenkov radiation.
Only those frames whose spacetime Fourier transform contain
components proportional to (frequency/c) will radiate.
Using this as a boundary condition in the Schrödinger
equation leads to the orbitsphere as a stable solution
to Maxwell's equations as applied to the atom.
back to top
- The
values of n, as used in the theories of Planck and de
Broglie, are in the set of positive integers. This
is because n represents the number of wave peaks in a
wave. You can't have 1/n wave peaks--that's like
having 1/n kids.
- The following explanation is a bit over-simplified
but helps (hopefully) to demonstrate that spherically
harmonic solutions necessarily include both n and 1/n
resonant modes.
The de Broglie interpretation is that n is the number
of waves it takes to cover the distance around an orbital.
Taking a spherical electron orbital as an example, the
length of each wave is simply:
g = 2.π.1/n
This quantum condition ensures that the waves are harmonic
with respect to a circle of a given radius, which is
the source of the excited states' meta-stability.
It is obvious that when n is 1, the wavelength is exactly
equal to the circumference of the orbital, and can be
considered a minimum "ground state".
Incidentally, only in the case of the n=1 state is the
wave function not changing in time--this is why it is
stable.
Now, suppose for a moment that a one-dimensional component
of the wave function of the electron can overlap itself
on the surface of a structure like an orbitsphere.
This allows us to consider 1/n solutions where the length
of each wave segment is:
g = 2.π.1/(1/n)
= 2.π.n
The wavelengths of these solutions are n times the
circumference of the electron orbital. They retain
the symmetry of the n=1 solution--a wave winds up exactly
where it started. The wave just has to wrap around
the electron orbital n times to get there. This
does not mean that the wave function is not changing
in time--the position of the wave is constant.
This is why 1/n states are stable. The n=1 (ground)
state is just the first of these states.
The next logical question is, why aren't other fractional
values of n allowed--for example, 3/2? Let's put
it in our trivial formula:
g = 2.π.3/2
= 3.π
If n=3/2, a wave does not end where it originates.
It effectively oscillates between the points π
and 2.π.
This is a wave function that moves (changes) in time,
and therefore must radiate. All fractional values
for n which do not have a 1 either in the numerator
or the denominator share this feature.
We can generalize this result to say that n can be
described as
n1/n2 where n1=1 or
n2=1
The analysis above is slightly inaccurate with respect
to the actual orbitsphere--it has been simplified for
illustrative purposes. A one-dimensional line
of force propagating along a great circle of the orbitsphere
is actually deflected infinitesimally to one side or
the other such that it does not quite "overlap
itself" over time. Because these one-dimensional
lines have no width, an infinitesimal shift in the z
dimension does not materially alter the outcome.
Given this new understanding of the nature of n, we
are able to say that 1/n values produce stable solutions
to the electron wave function.
back to top
Hydrinos
- What
is a hydrino?
- A hydrogen atom can only exist in a discrete
set of energy states. These states are labeled by
the quantum number n. The values of n are in the
range of integers from 1 to a number which corresponds
to the electron's ionization energy. The lowest
of these states, n=1, is called the ground state.
This is the lowest energy that an atom can have as generally
understood. Transitions between states are typically
effected by the emission or absorption of photons with
energies corresponding to the differences between the
atomic quantum energy states.
Mills' equation of the hydrogen atom predicts the stability
of atoms with energy levels that correspond to 1/n electron
energies. Such atoms are reduced in size and energy
with respect to the ground state (n=1) hydrogen atom (thus
the popular term "shrunken hydrogen").
These 1/n states cannot be reached by normal photon absorption/emission
processes, but may be generated by collisions with a catalyst
which can resonantly absorb a quantum of energy corresponding
to a 1/n transition. The catalytic atom is excited
to its next energy level and the hydrogen atom is "disproportionated"
into a hydrino. Energy may be released as system
heat or radiation depending on the catalysts used.
A vast amount of energy can be generated from a power
generator which uses this process. In terms of energy
density this process is somewhere in between the best
chemical fuels and fusion, but with harmless by-products
and using ordinary water as fuel.
back to top
- What
evidence exists for the existence of hydrinos?
- The
evidence can be broadly classified into these categories:
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Experimental--spectral
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| + |
Experimental--chemical
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Solar
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Astronomical
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Mills and some independent labs have observed spectral
lines which correspond to the predicted hydrino EUV
emissions in experiments designed to collapse hydrogen
to the hydrino energy levels.
Mills has created novel materials, such as KH, and
unusual properties of these materials have been measured.
X-ray diffraction and other tests have been performed
on the materials and supported the hydrino hypothesis.
The sun's spectrum contains lines that can be assigned
to hydrino transitions. Hydrino formation can
also account for the power source of the corona, the
paucity of solar neutrinos, and the sun's unexplained
X-ray emissions at certain frequencies.
The cosmic background radiation appears to contain
hydrino spectral lines. This involves the reinterpretation
of data where spectral lines that have been assigned
to ions at extreme temperatures are instead assigned
to hydrinos. The reasoning is that ions at high
temperatures should be associated with large celestial
objects necessary heat them--objects that should emit
radiation at all wavelengths--but these are by definition
not a part of the background radiation and therefore
are not observed. There is no plausible explanation
for creating such highly ionized particles in the coldness
of interstellar space. The data fit the hydrino
spectrum quite nicely.
back to top
- Is
the hydrino catalysis process some form of cold fusion?
- Hydrino catalysis is not a nuclear process
and is therefore not directly related to what is known
as cold fusion. However, Mills suggests that hydrinos,
because they are physically smaller than normal hydrogen,
are able to approach each other more closely, improving
the chances of nuclear fusion. Mills calls this
Coulombic Annihilation Fusion (CAF), and this suggests
a possible mechanism for anomalous results in cold fusion
experiments.
This is analogous to muon-catalyzed fusion, a well-known
experimental phenomenon. Muonic hydrogen is hydrogen
which has had its electron replaced by a muon, resulting
in a hydrogen atom which is 200 times smaller than the
normal hydrogen atom. This shrinkage allows nuclei
to approach each other more closely, and the fusion rate
is greatly increased.
It should be pointed out that Mills generally distances
himself from cold fusion community.
back to top
- Why
aren't we awash in hydrinos and why haven't they been
seen before?
- Hydrinos have a number of properties that
make them difficult to detect:
-
Free hydrinos diffuse out of containers very easily,
as the largest of the species (n=1/2) is about the
size of helium. Further, hydrinos are auto-catalytic:
with the appropriate concentration maintained they
will collapse to n=1/100 or so, at which size they
will diffuse rapidly out of practically any container.
Hydrinos can slip right in between the atoms of
solids, including the atoms f container walls.
-
Being extremely light, they rapidly float up into
the atmosphere and diffuse into space.
-
The conditions for hydrino production, that is,
collision between free H and a system with a resonant
"energy hole" (e.g., K+ and
K2+) at low concentrations, are not common
on Earth. Free H is extremely reactive and therefore
difficult to keep free.
-
No one has been looking for them.
back to top
- Why
don't we see mysterious hydrino spectral lines in our
experiments and astronomically?
- We have, but we haven't recognized them before:
-
Hydrino lines are mostly in the EUV/soft X-ray
region, a difficult region to study even in the
laboratory. The atmosphere and water are practically
opaque to these wavelengths (fortunately for life
on Earth).
-
When this spectral region is observed in terms
of cosmic background radiation, the lines are typically
assigned to extremely high energy ionic species
like Fe10+. Mills does a lot of
"deconstruction" of this experimental
record to try to show that these "conventional"
assignments are actually incorrect due to:
- the lack of other necessary spectral lines of
the energetic ions in the data
- such highly energetic species should be associated
with a visible hot object that emits radiation
at a variety of energies. Until now, there
has been no other plausible explanation for the
spectrum of the cosmic background radiation.
Unfortunately, most experiments to date have been
conducted onboard sounding rockets without a high
degree of frequency resolution. The Chandra
X-ray telescope should resolve this once and for
all this year.
-
Mills theorizes that some of the sun's energy output
is powered by hydrino formation reactions. This
leads to explanations of:
- The corona's unknown power source.
- The sun emits x-rays at energies that aren't
associated with nuclear fusion but match predicted
hydrino spectral lines.
- The solar neutrino paradox. The sun only
produces 60% of the neutrinos necessary for its
energy output assuming the output is entirely
fusion-driven. As much as 40% of the sun's
energy output could be due to hydrino formation
under the hydrino hypothesis.
- Cool carbon monoxide cloud paradox in the photosphere
(it's too hot for CO--the spectral lines should
be assigned to hydrinos being re-energized to
normal states).
- No one has been looking for them.
back to top
- You
can't get off that easily. Diffuse hydrogen plasmas
are commonplace in particle accelerators and plasma physics
experimental apparati. Why haven't anomalous hydrino
spectral lines been seen in these devices before?
- <ANSWER IN PROGRESS>
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- Everyone
knows that the ground state is the lowest energy state
for an atom. In fact, it would require a net energy
input to "push" the electron closer to the nucleus.
As Robert Park says, isn't saying "below ground state"
like saying "south of the South Pole"?
- First, consider that there is no free hydrogen
atom on Earth--hydrogen atoms "prefer" to be
in lower energy states inside molecular compounds.
Clearly, free atoms of reactive elements, which "seek"
net lower energy levels by combining with other atoms
to form molecules of lower net energy than the sum of
the energies of their free constituent atoms, do not represent
electronic configurations at their lowest energy levels.
To declare that the atomic ground state is the lowest
possible energy state of the electron flies in the face
of all chemistry.
Mills derives a new energy equation for the hydrogen
atom that replaces the Schrödinger equation. Mills'
wave equation for the electron admits solutions for
both n and 1/n. The realization that 1/n as well
as n=1 result in stable electronic states is what led
Mills to the hydrino hypothesis.
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- What
is hydrino hydride?
- The electron configuration of the hydrino
is such that it is able to capture a second electron that
occupies an orbital similar to the orbital of the normal
hydrogen atom. This atom is called a hydrino hydride
atom. It is chemically related to conventional well-known
hydrides in chemistry. Hydrino hydride obviously
has interesting chemical properties, and much of the chemical
development at BlackLight Power is focused on creating
hydrino hydride compounds and determining their chemical
characteristics.
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- Why doesn't
all hydrogen spiral down energy-wise to the hydrino state?
- The ground state is basically stable.
It cannot collapse solely by releasing photons.
It is much more likely to find its way into a chemical
bond (like H2) than to be catalyzed to a lower
state.
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- What
stops a hydrino's orbiting electron from spiraling down
into the nucleus?
- Each hydrino state is basically stable, just
like the ground state. However, each hydrino state
can collide with an object with an appropriate energy
hole and collapse further.
Past about n=1/100 or so, the electron is very likely
to be captured by the nucleus, forming an energy-poor
type of neutron that decays. So the answer is,
electron capture can occur, but there the hydrino has
to be continually catalyzed to get it to such a low
energy level that electron capture is likely.
The lone hydrino is stable and therefore will not spiral
down spontaneously.
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- Are
there hydrino-like solutions for elements other than hydrogen?
- It appears that only hydrogen-type atoms and
molecules have 1/n solutions to their wave functions.
This class includes H, H2, He, and Li+--atoms
and molecules which only have electrons in the first s
electron orbital. In heavier molecules, it is believed
that the outer electron orbitals shield the inner s orbital
from the resonant collisions that are necessary for Coulombic
field collapse. However, this question has not really
been explored thoroughly.
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- How
do you make a hydrino?
- Mills describes a number of machines in his
book, ranging from electrolysis to gas phase chamber techniques.
Basically, you have to have free H and a catalyst (typically
KNO3) at very low pressure.
What we call the ground state is actually the first
of the "non-radiative" states; i.e., the first
stable electronic state which does not spontaneously
release energy in the form of photons (as do the excited
states of an atom). Lower stable energies are
referred to as 1/n states, because they represent fractional
quantum states.
Normally these 1/n states are not reached because the
ground state is basically stable (photons of 1/n energy
quanta cannot be created, much less absorbed).
However, resonant collision between hydrogen and an
ion or ensemble of ions which contain an "energy
hole" (which means the ion has an integer multiple
of ~27.2 eV to bump its outer electron(s) to the next
energy level) can sap enough energy from the atom to
push the ground state past an energy threshold, causing
it to collapse to the next lower stable state.
The initial catalysis is a non-radiative process.
However, once the threshold is reached, the atom releases
the excess energy in the form of EUV/soft X-rays to
get to the next level. Thus the term "BlackLight
Process" used in BLP's marketing literature.
They used to call it "hydrocatalysis" which
is a bit more descriptive but doesn't sound as cool.
Keep in mind that these can be multi-body collisions
(e.g., H collides with K+ and K2+).
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Mathematics
- What do the
mathematics of the atom in CQM look like?
- <ANSWER IN PROGRESS>
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- Why
are the mathematical descriptions of atomic processes
in CQM better than their quantum mechanical counterparts?
- Quantum mechanical calculations, generally,
are statistical approximations of the actual closed-form
solutions to the wave equations of CQM. This applies
to more modern theories like QED and QCD, too. This
is an area where much validation is still needed, because
while quantum mechanics is well-tested experimentally,
CQM must be able to explain the same data.
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- How
do you calculate...?
- The following table summarizes some CQM formulae
and compares them with conventional theoretical calculations
and experimental values. This is a work in progress.
|
Value
|
Theory
|
Theory Equation
|
Th. Calc. Value
|
CQM Formula
|
CQM Calc. Val.
|
Experimental Val.
|
|
neutron mass
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
(3)(2p)(1/1-a)(2ph/c2)1/2(2p(3)ch/2G)1/4
|
1.6744 x 10-27 kg
|
1.6749 x 10-27 kg
|
|
neutron magnetic moment
|
|
|
|
[1-(4/9)2p-3/25]mN
|
-1.9125mN
|
-1.91315mN
|
Symbol legend:
mN - nuclear magneton
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Nuclear Physics
- Why
are there three generations of fundamental particles?
- In the case of quarks and gluons, each generation
represents a stable force balance between angular momentum
of the quark/gluon orbitspheres and one of three energies:
the Planck energy, the potential energy
and the magnetic energy of the quark/gluon orbitspheres.
The Planck energy configuration is the lowest and most
stable state. These energies are also behind the
three generations of leptons and neutrinos.
How do you explain...
- How
do you explain the results of Young's double-slit experiment?
- <ANSWER IN PROGRESS>
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- How
do you explain the results of the Aspect experiment and
related experiments that have proven the non-existence
of local hidden variable theories under Bell's Theorem?
- Strictly speaking, CQM is not a hidden variable
theory. The CQM explanation of the Aspect experiment
is actually quite similar to the QM explanation, except
that it gives a local, deterministic picture of where
angular momentum is conserved on a particle-by-particle
basis based on a Fourier optics model and the statistics
of an inefficient detector. Probability waves are
replaced by real electromagnetic waves.
There is a subtle set of hidden assumptions in the
construction of the local hidden variable theory (LHVT)
straw man as set up in the Aspect experiment that does
not consider the existence of a third class of theories
exemplified by CQM:
- No conceivable LHVT could account for wave-particle
duality
- The Aspect experiment forces particles to display
particle-like behavior
- Particle-like LHVT models must have linear probability
distributions for the characteristics of randomly-selected
particles because there is no good reason to have
a nonlinear distribution
A plane-wave-like finite particle like that described
by the free orbitsphere can behave like a particle in
some ways, but be described by nonlinear, wavelike d |
